I'm assuming you are talking MySQL.
If so, I use TEXT columns, not especially for speed, just for the amount of text that can be stored.
You can use phpMyAdmin to change a column definition without losing data. You can also use the ALTER TABLE command, but I don't know the exact syntax.
Regarding your SELECT, you're right, you cannot do
SELECT * FROM table WHERE column LIKE ('%a%','%b%')
but you can do
SELECT * FROM table WHERE (column LIKE '%a%' OR column LIKE '%b%')
Note the brackets. It's best to put all the OR'ed tests against a column in brackets. Saves you a big headache if you later add "AND column2 = 'something'" to the SQL.
Hope this helps,
ALan