Ok, not sure if I am just inept, but say I make one script and in that script i put an include() or require() command. Then in the included file i have echo 'this is the include file'; Now, when i access the first file, it outputs the 'this is the include file' text about 50 times. I have tried to replicate the problem with a more simpler set of php scripts (because the ones i'm having trouble with are more like 600 lines total) and i can't get the same problem. Can anyone help?