I believe they mean all of the above. When you pack keys, you get slower inserts, updates, deletes, or anything that modifies the table, but you get faster select performance. You may not take the performance hit if no changes occur to your keys -- say you only have 1 table with a single primary key, and you UPDATE a row, I doubt packed keys would be an issue. But anything that changes the indexing, like insertion or removal of a row, would then hit you.