Q: So once I've installed MySQL I create a databse file called db.php that looks like the one above (or is it already created and I just need to fill in the appropriate information?)
A: Once again, db.php (or you may call it connection.php) is not a database or database file. It is just for database connection purpose. You can insert the script to where I include db.php.
Q. Then I create a user table (is that a .php file or something else within the database?)
A: Oh, boy! I am not going to explain to you now. Go ahead and create a database and table. See it yourself. It is definitely not a php file!
Q: (table) with a password field (It's going to be a universal password because there will only be two of us who can make new posts, delete and/or edit them. So I don't need an e-mail or username etc.) Or should I just use the username field anyway because it's already in that code?
A: One field is Ok but two (username and password) is secure.
Q: Then I change user_table with whatever the name of my table is in that. Code. Is there anything else I would have to adjust/omit because I am only checking for a password.
A: No.
Q: Lastly can I add HTML code to that? Basically I want the password check form on the same page as the post, delete and edit forms. So this way once they fill out all the new post fields etc. they hit submit, it checks the password, if correct it makes the new post, deletes, etc., if wrong it takes them back to the form/password page.
A: If you use the same field names (username and password) in the database table, you don't need to chang anything except the table name. The script should work for you.
Good luck