PHP doesn't provide these natively, but with some creativity you could create something that provides you this functionality.
You could either use a file stored somewhere where PHP can read/write to and you update the values there. But I think this will have issues when multiple folks try to read/write to the file.
The database approach is probably a bit better since it already handles reading/writing with multiple users. Its just a matter of organizing what data you want to make "global" and saving it in the database. Then its a matter of querying the data when you need it (or query for it on each page depending on your needs).