Parentheses ( ) are used in PHP in much the same way as they are used in most programming languages (especially those descended from Algol: C, Perl, Java, etc.): to enclose lists of expressions for functions and commands, and to override operator precedence (so that (1+2)*3 comes out as 9, instead of 7). In the former case, they only really get their meaning in the context of where they're being used.
Braces { } are used in PHP in much the same way as they are used in most programming languages: to enclose a series of statements into a single "block" that can be treated like a single statement.
Thing to do is to start here and work your way through at least the first half-dozen chapters.