I would think you could check out the MS APIs available for mingling with domain controllers and build a COM object PHP could play with.
Or a quick and dirty approach might be to have PHP shell out to DOS and execute the "net use" command with the user name and password supplied. Have "net use" connect to a share the user is supposed to have access to. If you can connect, then the user is "authenticated". Although, in my opinion, this is a lot of work for testing authentication and there should be an easier more direct approach (such as going with COM).
The safest way to have an intranet server on the network is to disable all access to the server from external IP addresses. That would be much safer and easier to do and the administering would be at the web server level versus the coding level.