Several ways...
1) Using JavaScript client-side to do a form validation. If the field is blank, popup a box using JS to tell the user they can't leave the field blank. (Outside the scope of these boards)
2) Use PHP on the submitted form to limit the results to a predetermined # of results, and echo a message to the user to tell them to narrow their search to get more specific results. This can also be effective to limit single letter searches (like T) or common letter combo searches. (like es)
3) Use PHP on the submitted form to simply check the value of the input and if it is empty, then echo an error to the user to go back and put something in the field.
Post back if you need help with 2 or 3. Otherwise, if you want to go with the JS option, you should post in a JS forum to get better help.