For example, if you want to display a table containing dozens or hundreds or more records from a database, and don't want to show them all on one huge page, you'd need to use pagination. Then you can allow a user to navigate (next, previous, specific page, etc.) more cleanly and intuitively through the records. The same for large text files, forum threads, and the like.
Just think of getting all Google search results on one page vs. paginated results.