If I understand you right you want only the phonenumbers that is in the database more than once. That could be done with the following sql-statement:
$sql = "SELECT pb1.mobile_number as mn
FROM phonebook as pb1, phonebood as pb2
WHERE pb1.mn = pb2.mn
AND pb1.id != pb2.id
GROUP BY pb1.mn"
Edit: There are better ways to do it, especially if you just want the phonenumber. This way take some time in large databases, it would be better to use some way to count the results. But if you need more than the phonenumbers I think you have to to it this way.