I thought __doPostBack looked like .NET, this often posts back to the same page. It's how .NET tries to give a state to web pages.
When you click the link you execute the javascript inside the browser. Therefore, you can't do it that easily. JavaScript all runs on the clients machine rather than the server...
There is no particular protocol as such. When you click a lick the browser looks to see whats attached with it, in this case its a function call to the javascript - so the browser runs this script. If its a link to another page then the browser simply moves to the URL.
I don't really think this is going to be a trivial task, as I assume you want it to be automatic and robust enough to work on the majority of pages.