From reading numerous articles related to security, I'm planning to use SHA-256 and a salt for password and other security. Does anyone know of simple examples that walk through how this works and how to implement these?
If you want help on "other security", you should say exactly what it is. As for hashed password storage with a salt, this is just safety net security to protect careless users in the event that your database is compromised.
Basically, you would have two columns in your relevant database table: one for the password hash, the other for the salt. The salt should be randomly generated for each user (e.g., using a hash of uniqid(mt_rand(), true) in PHP). To check if the password supplied by a user is valid, you would combine (e.g., concatenate) the password supplied with the salt, take the hash, and compare it with the hash stored in the database.
Also, I understand that, in order to use SHA-256, MySQL has to have SSL enabled and I would need to have an SSL certificate. Is this correct? Does anyone know of background information to help in understanding this process (assuming it will be done on a hosted server)?
I do not know if this is the case for MySQL (I associate SSL certificates with encrypted data transmission rather than backend password hashing), but you do not necessarily have to use a MySQL function for this. For example, the [man]hash[/man] extension in PHP that is enabled by default since PHP 5.1.2 includes support for SHA-256.