In other words, PHP is a server-side language, so to do some client-side operations as you're suggesting you'd need a client-side language (namely Javascript).
If the values to populate the combo box are fixed (e.g. you're not trying to retrieve data from a database to populate the box), then simple Javascript is all you'd need. Otherwise, you should look into using AJAX to query a PHP script on your server based on the checkbox a user clicks, retrieve the relevant data, and then populate the combo box (all done behind-the-scenes, e.g. no page refresh).