First off to save yourself a lot of hassle down the road start making all your files ".php" that way you can drop PHP into any one and not have to worry about renaming it and changes links everywhere.
Now the easiest way it to pass some data to the page is when the link is clicked. The most accepted practice it to set a "GET" value.
This is real simple. http://www.mysite.com/index.php?page=about
The value of "$_GET['page']" is "about".
So at the top of your index.php you check to see if "$GET['page']" isset and if not set a value to determine what is shown for content
if(isset($_GET['page'])) {
$page = $_GET['page'];
}
else {
$page = 'home';
}
Then down were you wish to have the contents shown you do this
<?php include ($page . '.php') ?>
Now if this is publicly available web page there is risk of some one hacking that url like http://www.mysite.com/index.php?page=evil-hackers-malicious-page.
So to avoid that you should keep an array of acceptable values for "page" and then look to it before including a page.
<?php
$page_array = array( "home" , "news" , "about" );
if (in_array('$page', $page_array)) {
include ($page . '.php');
}
?>