The easiest way to extend Wordpress is to use templates.
BTW: Dont confuse "templates" with "themes". They are two very different beasts.
Here is some reading for you:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Templates
http://codex.wordpress.org/Template_Tags/
Templates have the advantage of being
1) Simple to write. Only basic PHP skills are needed.
2) Compatible with the current Wordpress theme
3) Wordpress provides an easy to use API for accessing post/page information.
There is a simple example here:
http://codex.wordpress.org/Stepping_Into_Templates
Plugins tend to be more complex to write, so if you are a beginner, I wouldn't recommend it. Plugins tend to be extentions to Wordpress that many people will use, while templates are great for those "once off" site specific features.
Ive used templates to present post information in a format that isn't suported by Wordpress. Or, to present posts in a table with clickable links.