Technically, yes, realistically, no - there is not a way to do this.
Technically, you could populate a javascript array with ALL your users through a SQL query and PHP script. Then, using javascript, you could do what you are saying without a reload.
realistically, because of the size (or potential size) of the number of users, that just isn't possible.
Optionally, you could use PHP to create a "self-processing form." To do this, you create a form and set the form action to basename($PHP_SELF). Then, after you enter the user_id, you can use that information to do a new query - pull the required info from the DB and populate the text fields in your form.
that work for you?