I assume you are only dealing with only one entered field:
use if/else if
if ($price <>"") {
$sql = "UPDATE atable SET price='$price' color='$color', size='$size' WHERE price=$price";
} elseif ($color <>"") {
$sql = "UPDATE atable SET price='$price' color='$color', size='$size' WHERE color=$color";
} elseif ($size <>"") {
$sql = "UPDATE atable SET price='$price' color='$color', size='$size' WHERE size=$size";
} else {
print ("pick a valid field!");
}