After some more research, I found out the problem, and I'll document it here in case someone comes looking for it in the future.
My first problem was that I created a seperate fulltext index for each column that I wanted to search on. The solution to that was to drop all of the indexes and add one index like this:
ALTER TABLE template_howto ADD FULLTEXT(document_id, title, question, answer)
The second problem was that when you're specifying the MATCH clause, the column names have to match up exactly with the column names that you created on your index.
With the above fulltext key, I was trying to write a query like this:
SELECT document_id, MATCH(title, question) AGAINST ('outlook') FROM template_howto
That gave me this error ERROR 1191: Can't find FULLTEXT index matching the column list
When I rewrote the query to include all columns that were on the index, it worked as expected:
SELECT document_id, MATCH(document_id, title, question, answer) AGAINST ('outlook') FROM template_howto
I hope this helps someone down the road.
Brandon