Many thanks to the advice below which led me down the DATEPART direction. If anyone has a more elegant solution, I'd love to learn about it, but this is working for me now.
My task: given $date, a user-entered date (in the form 01/18/2001), do a simple count of all records entered that day. Records have a timestamp stored in an SQL Server date/time field. Using PHP4 on a Linux box and SQL Server 7.
First, I exploded the user-entered date using the "/" separator.
$data = explode("/", $date);
Now I use the resulting array to search my table for records matching the month, day of month, and year I want.
$query = "SELECT id FROM tablename WHERE datepart(month, [timestamp]) = '$data[0]' AND datepart(day, [timestamp]) = '$data[1]' AND datepart(year, [timestamp]) = '$data[2]'";