Apache is the web server, not the OS. The OS is usually either Windows NT or Unix/Linux. In this case, it's more likely to be UNIX/Linux as it's still unusual for PHP to be installed on NT although it is possible.
PHP is a language for adding extra funtionality to web-sites like querying databases. By installing it on your webserver it gives you extra options. However, it does not HAVE to be used. Your existing webpages may be unchanged.
Also, what Tom says about the source code is correct but you might easily misunderstand this. If you look at the source of your webpages as a visitor to the site sees them they will contain only HTML and JavaScript even if PHP has been used. This is because PHP creates HTML and JavaScript.
You would most likely know that PHP is being used if the names of any pages were someting.php or .php3 or .phtml rather than .htm or .html.