You 'declare' them by just putting them in a URL or a FORM.
You check for them by using the isset() function:
if (isset($var))
{
// $var is set
}
else
{
// $var is not set
}
Or in the case of URL parameters:
if (isset($HTTP_GET_VARS['var']))
{
// $var is set
}
else
{
// $var is not set
}
and for FORM data:
if (isset($HTTP_POST_VARS['var']))
{
// $var is set
}
else
{
// $var is not set
}